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Renaissance of the 12th century : ウィキペディア英語版 | Renaissance of the 12th century
The Renaissance of the 12th century was a period of many changes at the outset of the High Middle Ages. It included social, political and economic transformations, and an intellectual revitalization of Western Europe with strong philosophical and scientific roots. These changes paved the way for later achievements such as the literary and artistic movement of the Italian Renaissance in the 15th century and the scientific developments of the 17th century. ==Medieval renaissances== (詳細はCarolingian Renaissance." A second "renaissance" occurred during the reign of Otto I (The Great) (936-973) King of the Saxons and from 952 onwards Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. Otto was successful in unifying his kingdom asserting his right to appoint bishops and archbishops throughout his kingdom. Otto's assumption of this ecclesiastical power brought him into close contact with the best educated and ablest class of men in his kingdom. From this close contact many new reforms were introduced in the Saxon Kingdom and in the Holy Roman Empire. Thus, Otto's reign has also been called a "renaissance." Therefore, the Renaissance of the twelfth century has been identified as the third and final of the medieval renaissances. Yet the renaissance of the twelfth century was far more thorough going than those renaissances that preceded in the Carolingian or in the Ottonian periods. Indeed, Charlemagne's "Carolingian Renaissance" was really more particular to Charlemagne, himself, and was really more of a "veneer on a changing society", than a true renaissance springing up from society. Indeed, the same might be said of the Ottonian Renaissance.
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